Wang YQ, Zhang JL, Schuchardt F, Wang Y (2014) Degradation of morphine in opium poppy processing waste composting. Bioresource Technology 168: 235-239

摘要：

To investigate morphine degradation and optimize turning frequency in opium poppy processing waste composting, a pilot scale windrow composting trial was run for 55 days. Four treatments were designed as without turning (A1), every 5 days turning (A2), every 10 days turning (A3) and every 15 days turning (A4). During composting, a range of physicochemical parameters including the residual morphine degradation, temperature, pH, and the contents of total C, total N, total P and total K were investigated. For all treatments, the residual morphine content decreased below the detection limit and reached the safety standards after day 30 of composting, the longest duration of high temperature (>50^oC) was observed in A3, pH increased 16.9~17.54%, total carbon content decreased 15.5?22.5%, C/N ratio reduced from46 to 26, and the content of total phosphorus and total potassium increased slightly. The final compostobtained by a mixture of all four piles was up to 55.3% of organic matter, 3.3% of total nutrient (N, P₂O₅and K₂O) and 7.6 of pH. A turning frequency of every ten days for a windrow composting of opium poppyprocessing waste is recommended to produce homogenous compost.